Fort Wayne’s early African-American settlers blazed a trial that burns bright today.

by Tom Castaldi

On May 16, 1849, three black businessmen, Willis W. Elliot, Henry H. Canada and George W. Fisher, purchased at the public land auction a lot on the south side of Jefferson Street, between Francis and Hanna streets.  In order to ensure that the property was removed from the tax rolls so that the congregation could build a church there, the three men sold the land to Reverend George Nelson Black, a thirty-four-year-old blacksmith who served as minister to the congregation, and then had the deed registered in the name of the “Trustees of the African Methodist Episcopal Church of Fort Wayne, Indiana.”

 

In these difficult years for black settlers, however, no church was built, although building materials were purchased. The lot was at last sold by the congregation in 1853 and it was not until after the Civil War, in 1871, that the A.M.E. church of Fort Wayne would be able to establish a house of worship.

African-Americans had been a part of the development of Fort Wayne since the earliest times.  There were black trappers in the wilderness and African-Americans are known to have lived among the Indians.  The first black man known by name to have lived in Fort Wayne was Philip Framan, who worked for an army contractor in 1797, perhaps as a baker. There were blacks in the U.S. Army garrisons of Fort Wayne, too.  Private David Gillen and Private Philip Faudree served during the War of 1812, and Faudree remained in the area as a wagonsmith in the years after he left the service.

It was not until the 1840s, however, that a small black community became evident in pioneer Fort Wayne.  Fort Wayne’s little community had grown sufficiently by 1845 that the Ohio and Western Conference of the A.M.E. put the town on its circuit, making it possible for visiting preachers to attend to the spiritual needs of African-Americans at the Three Rivers. It was difficult for these settlers to make their home in Indiana for in this era state law required African-Americans to pay the county of their residence a bond of $500 to ensure their good behavior and that they would not become a burden to the Township “Overseer of the Poor.”

Although in general the Methodist Church was the most receptive congregation to African-Americans in their worship, in this segregationist age it was the African-American Methodist Episcopal Church that offered the only real assistance.

During the 1850s, the congregation was beset by a host of laws and attitudes that made it extremely difficult to expand its numbers and attract the necessary aid to create a proper church.  Anti-abolitionists and pro-slavery advocates loudly proclaimed their views form the pulpit of St. Paul’s Lutheran Church to the pages of the Fort Wayne Sentinel, and those who voiced their anti-slavery sentiments in the local abolitionist newspaper, The Standard, were openly vilified.  The Underground Railroad was active through the Fort Wayne area, but little that is definite is known about it since it was an illegal activity.  The greatest impediment to the growth of a black congregation and its ability to create a church was the revised Indiana Constitution of 1851, which forbade blacks from entering the state and fined anyone who would hire black immigrants.  Even more restrictive legislation followed throughout the 1850s, denying blacks access to the public schools, theaters and the law courts.

Not until after the Civil War and the end of such repressive laws did the black community in Fort Wayne again begin to grow.

This article originally appeared in Fort Wayne Magazine, "Along the Heritage Trail", January/February 2004, No. 3, page 57. Our thanks for allowing us to republish this article on the History Center's Blog.

Sanborn Maps

by Mark Meyer

Sanborn Title 1918

In the mid-1800s the fledgling insurance industry in the United States was in need of reliable resources to determine their risks and subsequent rates. It was clear that in the growing urban areas of the east, an insured property was impacted by a number of factors besides its own characteristics. What structures were in the immediate area? Of what material were the neighboring buildings constructed? Where was the nearest firehouse? What were the prevailing winds? These were among several questions answered by a new and valuable reference tool: the fire insurance map. 

Sanborn Title 1919

In the prior century, insurers in the sprawling city of London recognized the value of mapping to help determine their potential liability. Although this was common to the large insurers of Great Britain (who were the main providers of insurance in the early years of the U.S.) the practice of mapping in the United States was sporadic.  In 1852, Aetna Insurance commissioned William Perris to generate the first comprehensive fire insurance map of New York City. A few years later, a Perris assistant, Ernest Hexamer generated a similar map of the city of Philadelphia. It was clear from these early efforts that this new detailed form of surveying and mapping had a real value in the burgeoning industrial cities of America. 

 However, initial growth was tempered by the outbreak of the Civil War. 

Sanborn Book

Sanborn Map of Downtown

Following the war, a new name entered the business, Daniel Sanborn. Sanborn created some Tennessee maps under contract before realizing the potential lucrative nature of the business. In 1867, he founded the Sanborn Map and Publishing Company. His maps introduced a distinct use of colors and key symbols to make the data easier to quickly process and understand.

Sanborn Key

Thanks to the growth in industry, population, and western expansion, The Sandborn Map and Publishing Company rode the wave of the Industrial Revolution to great success. By 1915, through merger and acquisition, the Sanborn Company, as it was then-named, held a near-monopoly on the business. Through those years, the Sanborn Company accumulated detailed maps on virtually every city in America with a population exceeding 2,000. This collection of maps, once of incredible importance to insurance underwriters, has become an invaluable source of information for a variety of other purposes, including local history. Fortunately, these once highly-guarded documents are readily available to you and me.

The Genealogy Department of the Allen County Public Library houses two multi-volume sets of original, oversized, leather-bound 1918-1919 editions (977.202 F77SAN Oversize). The publications hold 21” x 25” pages of heavy stock with detailed maps at a scale of 50’ to an inch. At the front you’ll find a detailed key specifying property and structural details. You’ll also find an overview indicating the page number for specific sections that are generally 4-6 square blocks in size. In the rear of the publication you’ll find a glossary to locate maps by street names and numbered addresses.

 
These volumes are working copies that were updated through the early 1950s. Through the years the Sanborn Company would provide new pages or “paste-overs”. These “paste-overs” were corrections printed on semi-transparent paper which were then pasted atop the original map. In some cases corrections were pasted atop earlier corrections resulting in a visual history of change with a somewhat three-dimensional feel. Nowhere is this more present than the pages for the several blocks surrounding the Allen County Courthouse. Since the maps were updated through the mid-1950s they provide a clear view of downtown Fort Wayne at the peak of its role as the business and retail center of the community. 

Wolf and Dessauer

You’ll find the Wolf & Dessauer Department Store later destroyed by fire, its competitor The Grand Leader, and several multi-story hotels that were thriving downtown. In most cases you can read through the paste-overs to see the businesses or structures that preceded the last entry.

 

Outside the downtown area you’ll find a detailed record of the industries in the city in those years. Following the railroad tracks east from downtown reveals the extensive Pennsylvania Railroad yards and major manufactures like General Electric and Tokheim. In the case of these major industries the building info not only details construction materials but also indicates where departments are located within the structure.   

You’ll find long lost buildings, like the many structures of the former Indiana Home for the Feeble-Minded that stood on what is now Northside Park on East State. Keep in mind the accuracy of the 50’ to 1” scale which allows you to determine the actual locations of anything found on the pages of these beautifully rendered maps.
 

I am a lover of maps and books. To me there is no substitute for handling the real thing. In this case, there is a palpable sense of history turning each page of the massive Sanborn volumes. At the same time, I’m a creature of the internet so I was pleasantly surprised to find the Sanborn maps online.

The Sanborn Map Company and its holdings have changed hands since its heyday in the 1930s. The assets, primarily the maps, are currently owned by Environmental Data Resources (EDR), which integrates original Sandborn data with current GIS data to determine potential environmental risks with current-day property. However, their exclusive rights pertain only to maps and data post-1924. The thousands of pages of color-coded maps produced from 1883 through 1923 are in the public domain. As such, these maps are available with no use limitations. You can download, view, and print as you wish thanks to the Indiana Spatial Data Portal (ISDP), a combined effort of federal, state, and local organizations and agencies hosted online by Indiana University. In conjunction with Historical Information Gatherers, Inc., all the original Sandborn maps for Indiana communities were scanned into an ISDP database and are available at the ISDP website. 

On the menu at the home page select Dataset Information, then select Sanborn Historic Maps. On the Sanborn Historical Maps page select Single File Interface. Once there you can specify the location you desire. You’ll need a PDF viewer on your computer but no other special software is required. In the PDF format you can expand at ease making the small print readily accessible to aging eyes like mine.

For Fort Wayne you’ll find full surveys from 1890, 1902, and 1918-19. Unlike the large paper maps you will not find the semi-transparent paste-overs. This is helpful when searching for the earliest land use on record which can be obscured by multiple paste-overs. You’ll also find surveys for several other communities in Indiana that you can search from the comfort of your own computer chair.

The Sandborn Maps are but one of many resources available to you on your journey through local history. But, be prepared to walk away with more mysteries to solve than questions answered. If you find your way to the Genealogy Department of the ACPL to peruse the oversized pages of the three volumes of maps please  enjoy your trip, consult with the nice people at the Help Desk, and be very, very sure you put your phone on vibrate. Believe me, you’ll be glad you did!

Some helpful resources:

Library of Congress: Sandborn Maps

Fire Insurance Maps, Oswald, GC973 0s9fi.  ACPL,

A brief history of Fire insurance maps.

Description and Utilization of the Sanborn Map,  Sanborn Co.,

GC929 SA539,  ACPL,  A guide to map use published by the Sanborn Company.